大学英语教案5篇
教案能够帮助教师提前规划好每个教学环节的时间分配，保证教学进度，教案是教师与学生之间有效沟通的重要工具，以下是路路文书网小编精心为您推荐的大学英语教案5篇，供大家参考。
大学英语教案篇1
1.知识目标
(1) new words and phrases:
place, twenty-first, bank, theatre, book shop, toilet, museum, front, in front of, left ,right, side, on the left/right side, all the same, need, ask for, along, road, turn, turning, metre(meter), kilometer(kilometre), had better(do), coin, keep, as, moment, tell, street, next to, around
(2)日常交际用语：
excuse me. where’s…? where’s the nearest hospital, please?
it’s next to …/in front of …/outside…/on the left/right side.
thank you all the same.
you’d (had)better catch a bus.
which bus do i take?
go down this street.
(3)语法项目：表示需要：he needs some help.
询问方向：where is the nearest hospital, please?
指点方向：go along this road .it ‘s only 100 meters along on the left.
(4)语音：/ei/ a ay /ai/i ie y / ri/oi oy
2.能力目标：
(1)使学生掌握英语的问路和指点方向的交际用语并能够在教师创设的情景中灵活运用。
(2)使学生能够读懂课文并能回答课后的问题，按照课文内容表演游戏。
(3)使学生掌握相关表示方向的介词短语，并能根据情景做口头和笔头练习。
(4)使学生能听懂与课文难度相当的文章，并能迅速对听力材料中的相关地点和方向路线做出判断。
3.德育目标：
通过教学让学生注意在日常生活中注意礼貌用语，乐于帮助别人。
通过学习，让学生感受到在生活中受人帮助的欣慰和帮助别人的兴奋之情，培养学生乐于助人的品质。
教学重点和难点：
询问方向(asking for directions)指点方向(giving direction)是本单元的重点和难点。
教学建议
教材分析
本单元的主要教学内容是问路，从第一课简单的介绍某地在何处。到第二课如何问路和指路。到第四课的扩展练习。问路的相关用语由易到难，由简单到复杂贯穿始终。教师应在教学过程 循序渐进，注意打好基础。本单元中第二十三课中还有一个小的游戏，该游戏主要是训练学生阅读理解能力，同时也能活跃课堂气氛，使学生会在快乐中学习。
关于日常交际用语分析(询问方向和指点方向)
问路一般包括四个方面的内容：(1)引起话题：excuse me… (2) 询问路在何方：how can i get to …? (3)指路：walk along / down… (4) 致谢：thank you.
excuse me, (but…) 通常用于以下几种情景：
(1)引起别人注意。(2)请求让路、躲开时。(3)向人问路或打听消息时。(4)在席间或聚会上等离开一会儿时。(5)谈话间或会间突然打喷嚏、咳嗽时。
询问方向的表达法:
在向别人打听情况、征询意见时，常用excuse me;在向别人提出请求时，常用could you…? 而不用can you…? 更显得礼貌。
(1)excuse me，where’s the bus station?请问车站在哪?
(2)excuse me，which is the way to the bus station?请问，哪一条是去车站的路?
(3)excuse me，can you tell me the way to the bus station?请问，你能告诉我车站的路吗?
(4)excuse me, how can i get to the bus station?请问，我如何能到达车站?
(5)excuse me, is there a bus station near here?请问附近有车站吗?
指点方向的表达法：
如果别人向你问路，你熟悉这条路，你又该如何帮助别人呢?下面是几种指点方问的表达法：
(1)go along this street. 或walk along this street. 沿这条街道走。
(2)take the (second ) turning on the left / right.第(2)个十字路口左(右)转。
(3)it’s about (four) kilometers away form here.离这大约(4)公里远。
(4)the bus station is along that road on the right.车站是沿着那条路的右边。
(5)it’s next to the police station. 它与警察局相邻。
(6)it’s about ten kilometers away. 大约10公里远。
(7)it’s quite far / near from here. 离这儿相当远/近。
(8)it about (five) minutes’ walk form here.从这儿步行大约5分钟。
注：别人向你问路，即使你不知道，你也要说：
i’m sorry i don’t know. 对方应回答道：thank you all the same.
表示需要：need +名词或need + to + v. ……
(1)he needs a number 2 bus. 他需乘2路车。
(2)you need to take a taxi. 你需要乘出租车。
关于口语的教学建议
本单元的教学活动主要是围绕问路这一主题展开。而这个主题可为口语练习提供丰富的素材和场景，所以口语教学是本单元的重点。
(1)第20课是简单的询问方向。要求学生在熟练掌握表示方向的介词用法的基础上，利用图片和媒体资料创设情景，进行口语练习。例如：教师在黑板上画出一张简易地图，用各种的形状的硬纸片上面写上不同的地点，分别贴在公路两侧。如图所示：
然后让学生就内容进行对话练习。教师可以用顶针的手法连续进行快速提问，以锻炼学生的反应能力和句型熟练程度如：where is the school? it is next to the hospital. where is the hospital? it is in front of the factory. where is the factory? it is behind the hotel. 然后，教师可以重新调整图片的位置，让学生再进行练习。
(2)在22课的对话教学中，教师在教学过程 中可以先让预习好的学生做表演，在表演的过程中，边演边总结问路的三种情况：第一种情况是指明路线。第二种情况是乘车的回答。第三种情况是不知路线的答复。然后，再请学生进行替换词练习。教师可以设计一个问路的情景，将学生分成三个大组，每个大组选择上述一种情况。每个大组又以两人为单位分成几个小组，进行练习。每个大组选出一个练习情况好的小组代表本组进行角色表演。情景设计如下：mike moves into new house. one day, her friend lily want to see her. but she doesn’t know the way. what can she do? at this moment, a boy comes up to her. how does mary ask the way?
(3)在24 课的口语练习中，学生可进一步加大练习的综合性，使这个练习更贴近实际生活，给学生更多的发挥的空间。教师只提供地图和要去的地点，要学生自己设计情景，编写对话，教师出示问题where is b? how can i get to b from a? where is c? how to get to c from b? how can i get to a from c?
下面是学生设计情景和对话：
mary is going to the theater to see a concert. but she doesn’t know the way. so she ask a policeman.
mary: excuse me! i want to go to the theater. where is the theater?
police man: it is next to the factory, in front of the library.
mary: can you tell me the way to the theater?
policeman: walk along this road; turn left at the first turning. go straight the street. the theater is on the left of the road. it is about three miles from here.
mary: thank you.
when the concert is over, mary is tired; she wants to go home by bus .so she asks the police man again how to get to the bus station. but when she gets to bus station, it is too late, and there are no buses in it .so she has to ask the way three times to get home.(问路具体内容模仿本课第二十二课对话内容)
总之，教师在安排口语练习时应逐步的从简单到复杂，由单项到综合，由机械训练到学生自由的表演。
有关听力的教学建议
本单元的听力教学难点 在于如何听懂指路人的指令，从而找到要去的地点。
教师可以在学生听第一遍时，先找出出发点和目的地。然后，看一下地图，迅速判断一下应该怎样走，并要求学生用英语讲出自己设计的路线。然后在听第二遍后，再按照材料的内容，在地图上画出相应的路线，并验证与自己设计路线是否一致，这样有助于分解听力难度，帮助学生排除听力障碍。
教师可以组织一个小游戏以训练学生听清有关指令，在教室中摆几个路牌如the beijing zoo. the beijing university 等。两个学生分别向对方讲述所要去的路线。看那个学生先找到要去的地点。教师可以拿表计时，当裁判。教师对先到达目标的同学进行奖励。(注意学生需要按照对方所提供的路线到达目标)要求学生必需先听完指令再开始行动。
有关单词教学建议
本单元第一课表示地点和方向的单词比较多。建议教师在设计练习时把表示方向的介词和表示地点的名词结合在一起练习，教师使用图片教学，效果较佳。如：教师向学生出示一张银行的图片如课本page iv,，教师进行介绍this is a bank .然后将图片贴在黑板上。教师出示一张书店的图片如课本page iv, 教师进行介绍this is a shop.将图片贴在银行的前面。分别指着图向大家介绍：the shop is in front of the bank.通过演示让学生体会in front of 的含义。接着，教师在把商店的图片换成博物馆或厕所的图片，引导学生说出the museum /the toilet is in front of the bank.随后，教师可以将图片交换位置，使学生能够更加熟练的掌握介词的用法。使用同样的办法可以讲解其它单词。
学法指导
本单元的话题是用英语问路。“询问方向”(asking for directions)及特点方向(giving directions)。因此，可采用大量的操练来让学生熟悉句型。同时重点掌握表示方位的介词短语以及简单的询问方向、指点方向的方法，并达到实现交际的目的。
he needs some help.他需要一些帮助。
这里，need作及物动词是需要的意思。例如：i need your help。need还可以后面接动词不定式例如：i need to have a rest.(我需要休息)除此而外，need还可以做情态动词。但只用于某些疑问句和否定句中。它的一般疑问句的回答方式往往用must 和needn’t来回答。例如：need you leave so soon?
–yes, i must. /no, i needn’t.
you’d better catch a bus. 你最好乘车去。
you’d better是you had better的缩写形式，情态动词，后面接动词原形。其否定式为had better not to do。它常带有威胁，告诫或催促的含义。例如：
it is very cold outside. you had better put on your sweater.(外面冷，你最好穿上毛衣)
the teacher is very angry. you had better not be late again.(老师生气了，你最好不要再迟到)
catch a bus意为“乘车”、“赶车”，和take a bus意义接近，但不完全相同。take a bus指“乘坐”，和介词短语“by bus”, “in a bus”差不多，它们都指方式，交通手段，和其他手段相区别，而catch a bus 指行动为争取能赶上汽车。如：
you may go there by bus.(=you may take a bus there.)你们乘公共汽车却那儿吧。
比较in front of 和in/at the front of 的不同。
in/at the front of是指在某一范围内的前面。而in front of是指在某一范围以外的前面。如图：
例如：the car stops in the front of the gate,and the driver in front of car open the door of the door. 汽车停在大门前，车前座的司机把车门打开。
the other students in the class keep their eyes closed.班里的其他学生闭上眼睛。
keep+名词/代词+形容词，表示使某人或某物保持某种状态。此句型为主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语。例如：
we must keep our room clean and tidy.(我们必需保持屋子的干净和整洁)
同样的例子还有：
don’t call me little tom.(不要再叫我小汤姆了。)
“keep +宾语+宾语补足语”结构
此结构的含义为“使(宾语)处于……(状态)”。其中的“宾补”成分可以由很多结构充当。如形容词、介词短语、名词(组)或动词的-ing形式等。
“keep sb. / sth. +形容词”结构，如在keep one’s eyes closed这一短语中，动词keep表示“保持”，形容词closed表示“闭着”。连起来可理解为“使眼睛闭着状态”，即“闭着眼”。再如：
keep the box open, please.请让这个箱子开着。
this little girl always keeps her room nice and clean.这个小女孩总是使房间保持美观整洁。
“keep sb. / sth. +介词短语”也是一种常用结构，如：
don’t come in, i must keep you outside the door.别进来，我得把你堵在门外面。
he kept his hands behind his back.他一直把手放在背后。
“keep sb. / sth. +动词-ing”结构的用法，这个结构意为“让某人或某物(长时间地)进行着某个动作”。如：
the teacher kept bob standing for ten minutes.老师让bob站了十分钟。
辨析along，down 和 up
作介词时，它们均能表示“顺着”，“沿着”，后面一般接表示河流，街道，道路的名词。如：
go down/along this road and take the first turning on the left.
沿着这条马路走，在第一个拐弯处向左拐。
we often take a walk along/down/up the road.我们经常沿着这条路散步。
要注意的是：介词“down”有时含有“在下游”的意思，介词“up”则含有“在上游”的意思。如：
the house is 300 metres up/down the river.房子在这条河上游/下游300米处。
down含有离说话人而去的意思，介词up则含朝说话人而来之意，along 不强调方向。试比较：
who’s the man coming up/going down the road?沿着这条路走来/走去的那个人是谁?
另外，介词up有向上之意，介词down则有“往下”之意。如：
the cat is running up the tree.猫正往树上爬去。
the dogs are running down the hill.狗正从山上跑下来。
这三个词还可用作副词，意为“向前”，如：
the farm is about 30 metres along.农场大约在前面30米远处。
please walk down. don t come up.请往前走，别朝这儿来。
教学设计示例
lesson 21
period: the first period
content: lesson 21
properties: map, recorder.
teaching objectives: show places on the map; ask for and give directions in the simplest way.
language focus:
in front of, next to, on the left/right side, thank you all the same.
teaching procedures:
i. organizing the class
greeting and a duty report.
ii. revision
revise the language focus in the last unit.
Ⅲ. leading - in
1. make conversations with several students, like
teacher: excuse me. where’s the nearest …?
excuse me. how far is __× (an important place near school)?
is there __× near our school?
students: answer with the help of the teacher
teacher: thank you very much.
thank you all the same.
2. (to students) are you good at distinguishing directions? are you always ready to help someone who can’t find his way?
Ⅳ. practice
1. look at the picture in the book and ask students to work in pairs to practise showing places, using prepositional phrases like “next to, in front of, behind, outside and on the left/right side”
eg. there’s a school next to the supermarket. in front of/behind the school, there’s a market.
2. call 3 pairs to say out their dialogues.
v. teaching dialogues
1. show students some maps and ask them for directions, using the patterns in the book.
excuse me. where’s the nearest __×?
2. listen to the tape.
3. read the dialogue in the book
4. game: which place is it?
(with the help of a map, on which some places are marked).
one student describes the location, asks other students to guess the place.
Ⅵ. consolidation
go over the lesson.
Ⅶ. exercises in class
fill in the blanks
1. there’s a cinema next ____ the shop.
2. ____ the left side of the room, there’s a desk.
3. -i’m sorry i can’t help you. -_____________.
4. please come to the front and stand ____________ the class.
key: to, on, thank you all the same, in front of.
complete the dialogue
a: ________ _______, where is the nearest police station, please?
b: i’m _______, i don’t know. please ________ that man.
a: thank you _______ ________ _______. excuse me, where is the police station, please?
c: _______ over there, next ________ the post office.
a: thank you ________ _______.
c: not ________ _______.
key: excuse me, sorry, ask, all the same, it’s, to, very much, at all.
Ⅷ. homework
make 2 dialogues asking for directions (draw maps).
Ⅸ. the design of the blackboard
lesson 21
where’s …?
it’s next to the …/in front of the … /behind the … /outside the…/ on the left/ right side.
教学设计示例
lesson 22
teaching objectives: dialogues of asking for and giving directions.
properties: tape recorder, map, overhead projector
language focus:
asking for directions: is there a bank near here?
where’s the nearest hospital, please?
giving directions: go along this road.
take the first turning on the right.
it’s about a hundred metres along on the left.
it’s about 6 kilometers along.
expressing needs: he needs some help.
you take a number 16 bus.
which number do i take?
you’d better (not) ask sb. for sth.
teaching procedures:
i. organizing the class
greetings and a presentation.
ii. revision
revise the ways of asking for and giving directions in a simple way.
iii. leading - in
the teacher asks several students the directions to some places near school, using different ways of asking for directions. ask sb to give directions.
excuse me. where’s the people’s hospital?
could you tell me the way to beijing zoo, please?
excuse me, which is the way to purple bamboo park?
is there a macdonald’s near here?
vi. practice
1. show ways of asking for and giving directions on a flashcard.
2. groupwork: sb work in groups to ask for and give directions.
3. act out
x. listen and read
1. listen and read through the dialogues.
2. get students to practise the dialogues in the book.
3. use a map to ask students to practise asking for and giving directions.
xi. exercises in class
1. a: excuse me. which is the____ to east park, please?
b: let me see. er, walk ____ this road and ____ right. go ____ until you____ the end. you’ll find the park in front of you.
2. a: excuse me. can you give me ____ to the post office, please?
b: sure. go ____ this street and ____ right. then you’ll see a tall building. that’s the ____, and it s between the zoo ____ the fruit shop. you can’t ____ it.
a: is it ____ from here?
b: no, it s quite near. it’ll only ____ you about 10 minutes if you walk there.
a: thanks a lot.
b: you’re welcome.
3. rewrite the sentences as required.
(1)walk along this road. (1 - 5 同义句)
______ ______ this road.
(2)take the fifth turning on the left.
_______ left _______ the fifth turning.
(3) i can get to the zoo by bus.
i can ______ a bus ______ the zoo.
(4) my father is going to beijing by air tomorrow.
my father _______ _______ to beijing tomorrow.
(5) she needn’t clean the room every day.
she _______ _______ to clean the room every day.
(6)the park is about 6 kilometres away. (对画线部分提问)
______ ______ is the park?
(7)you will take a no.6 bus. (同上)
______ ______ shall i ______?
(8) mr. zhang needs some help. (改一般疑问句)
______ mr. zhang ______ ______ help?
key:
1. way, along/down, turn, on, reach
2. directions, along/down, turn, post office, and, miss, far, take.
3.(1) go along (2) turn, at (3) take, to@ will fly (5) doesnt have (6) how far (7) which bus, take (8) does, need any
xii. homework
make a dialogue asking for and giving directions.
xiii. the design of the blackboard
lesson 22
know the way take the …turning
need some help a hundred metres along… away
ask …for help
教学设计示例
lesson 23
大学英语教案篇2
活动目标
让幼儿在游戏的氛围中感受学习英语的乐趣。
使幼儿能听懂指示语并按要求作出相应的动作。
让幼儿能够掌握pencil、book、crayon三个单词以及复习boy和girl。
活动准备
pencil、book、crayon的实物各一、录音机及磁带
活动流程
1、课前准备阶段
师幼共同听音乐，唱英语歌《good morning》，活跃气氛，放松心情，为接下来的课做好充分的准备。
2、导入
t: today let’s play a game ,ok?
c: good idea!
t: the name of the game is “hide and seek”。please read after me “hide and seek”。（告诉幼儿今天活动的内容是一个游戏，并且游戏的名字是捉迷藏。）
3、t: 教师依次出示实物，让幼儿认知，指导幼儿掌握三种事物的英语名称。
t: what’s this? （手拿一本书）
t: it’s a book。book，book, book.
用同样的方法教授pencil, crayon，并编出儿歌
book,book,book,长知识。
pencil,pencil,pencil,写汉字。
crayon ,crayon,crayon,涂颜色
4、游戏捉迷藏。教幼儿说口诀。
t: 在进行捉迷藏游戏时，我们还有一个任务就是学会这个游戏的.口诀。小朋友跟老师学说口诀好不好？
quick,quick,hide and seek,where is it? where is it?
quick,quick,hide and seek,there is it! there is it！
5、教师把book, pencil, crayon 藏起来，和小朋友一块玩捉迷藏的游戏。规则是教师藏东西的时候，小朋友闭上眼睛，教师一边说口诀一边藏。等教师藏完，小朋友睁开眼睛，一边说口诀一边找。
（1）首先把刚学过的三种事物藏起来，引导幼儿说英语，进行游戏。
（2）找一个男孩藏起来，巩固口诀，进行游戏。
（3）找一个女孩藏起来，巩固口诀，进行游戏。
6、表演英文儿歌《do re mi》
活动延伸
回家后与父母一起玩捉迷藏游戏，教父母游戏的口诀。
大学英语教案篇3
peggy noonan lives in new york and writes a weekly column for the wall street journal. this piece is taken from one of them. in it she reflects on her week and on life in the city. writing less than a year away from the destruction of the world trade center, her thoughts are inevitably affected by that terrible event.
佩吉·诺南住在纽约，每周为《华尔街时报》撰写专栏文章。本文即其中一篇。她在文章中反思了自己的一周以及这个城市的生活。撰写此文时，离世贸中心被毁还不到一周年，她的思考不可避免地带有这一可怕事件的阴影。
the nightmare and the dreams
梦魇与梦想
-- how has sept. 11 affected our national unconscious?
――9·11事件如何影响了国民的潜意识?
peggy noonan
佩吉·诺南
it is hot in new york. it is so hot that once when i had a fever a friend called and asked me how i felt and i said, "you know how dry and hot paper feels when it's been faxed? that's how i feel." and how i felt all day yesterday. it is hot. we feel as if we've been faxed.
纽约真热。天气如此炎热，因此，有一次我发高烧，朋友打电话来问候我感觉如何时，我就说，“你知道发传真时纸张有多干燥多烫手吗?那就是我的感觉。”昨天整整一天我都是这种感觉。太热了。我们觉得自己被传真过似的。
i found myself fully awake at 5 a.m. yesterday and went for a walk on the brooklyn bridge. now more than ever the bridge seems like a great gift to my city. it spans. in the changed landscape of downtown it is our undisturbed beauty, grown ever more stately each year. people seem to love it more now, or at least mention it more or notice it more. so do i. it's always full of tourists but always full of new yorkers, too.
昨天清晨5点我就完全醒了，便去布鲁克林大桥散步。如今这座大桥越发像是赐予我们这个城市的一件贵重礼物。它跨河而立。在业已改变的市区景观中，它依旧是一道美丽的景致，年复一年，越发显得气势非凡。如今，人们似乎更喜欢它，至少是更多地提到它、注意到它。本人也一样。桥上总是挤满游客，也总是挤满纽约居民。
i am struck, as i always am when i'm on it, that i am walking on one of the engineering wonders of the world. and i was struck yesterday that i was looking at one of the greatest views in the history of man's creation, manhattan at sunrise.
我在这座桥上行走时总是深感骄傲，因为自己漫步在世界工程技术一大奇迹之上;今天踏上这座桥，我同样深感骄傲。昨天我深受感动，因为我在观看有人类创造史以来最辉煌的景象之一：曼哈顿日出。
and all of it was free. a billionaire would pay billions to own this bridge and keep this view, but i and my jogging, biking and hiking companions have it for nothing. we inherited it. now all we do is pay maintenance, in the form of taxes. we are lucky.
而且那是分文不花的。亿万富翁要想拥有这座桥，将这一景致占为己有，那得付出亿万钱财，而我以及那些或慢跑、或骑车、或徒步的同行者却能免费享用。我们继承了这座大桥。如今我们所要做的只是以纳税的方式支付维修费用。我辈实属有幸。
as i rounded the entrance to the bridge on the brooklyn side, a small moment added to my happiness. it was dawn, traffic was light, i passed a black van with smoked windows. in the driver's seat with the window down was a black man of 30 or so, a cap low on his brow, wearing thick black sunglasses. i was on the walkway that leads to the bridge; he was less than two feet away; we were the only people there. we made eye contact. "good morning!" he said. "good morning to you," i answered, and for no reason at all we started to laugh, and moved on into the day. nothing significant in it except it may or may not have happened that way 30 or 40 years ago. i'm not sure the full charge of friendliness would have been assumed or answered.
我从布鲁克林一边上桥时，一件小事更增添了我的快乐。天刚亮，车辆稀少，我与一辆车窗熏黑的黑色面包车擦肩而过。窗开着的驾驶座里坐着一个30岁左右的黑人，帽子低低地压在眉檐上，戴着一副厚厚的黑色太阳镜。我走在通往大桥的人行道上，他距我不到两英尺;周围只有我们两个人。我们目光对视。“早上好!”他说。“早上好，”我回答着，两人随即无缘无故地大笑起来，笑罢各人继续各人的生活。这事并没有什么特别的意义，只是30年或40年前是不是会发生这样的事。我不知道那时会不会有这种完全友好的表示，又会不会得到回应。
it made me think of something i saw monday night on tv. they were showing the 1967 movie "guess who's coming to dinner?" with katharine hepburn, sidney poitier and spencer tracy, about a young white woman and a young black man who fall in love, hope to marry and must contend with disapproving parents on both sides. it's held up well, and parts of it seemed moving in a way i didn't remember, and pertinent.
这让我想起星期一晚上看的电视节目。他们播放的是1967年的影片《猜猜谁来赴晚餐》，由凯瑟琳·赫本、辛尼·普瓦提艾和斯潘塞·特雷西主演，讲的是一个白人姑娘与一个黑人小伙子相爱，想要结婚，不得不与持反对态度的双方父母做斗争。影片拍得不错，故事的部分细节似乎很感人，如何感人我记不清楚了，反正很切题。
there was a bit of dialogue that packed a wallop. spencer tracy as the father of the would-be bride is pressing mr. poitier on whether he has considered the sufferings their mixed-race children might have to endure in america. has he thought about this? has his fiancée? "she is optimistic," says mr. poitier. "she thinks every one of them will grow up to become president of the united states. i on the other hand would settle for secretary of state." those words, written 35 years ago may have seemed dreamy then. but in its audience when the movie came out would likely have been a young, film-loving army lieutenant named colin powell who, that year, was preparing for a second tour of duty in vietnam. and now he is secretary of state. this is the land dreams are made of. does that strike you as a corny thing to say and talk about? it is. that's another great thing.
有几段对话让人为之震动。饰演未来新娘父亲的斯潘塞·特雷西质问普瓦提艾先生，他是否想过他们混血的孩子在美国将会承受多少痛苦。他考虑过这点吗?他的未婚妻考虑过这点吗?“她很乐观，”普瓦提艾先生说。“她认为他们每个人都能长大成人当上美国总统。而我则觉得他们能当国务卿也就可以了。”这些写于35年前的话当时听上去或许就像是痴人说梦。但影片上映时，观众中可能就有爱看电影的年轻的陆军中尉科林·鲍威尔，当年他正准备第二次到越南去服役。如今他正担任着国务卿一职。这是个梦想成真的国度。这么说你是否觉得有点老生常谈?这又是一件美妙的事情。
late tuesday, on a subway ride from brooklyn to the north of manhattan, i resaw something i'd noticed and forgotten about. it is that more and more, on the streets and on the train, i see people wearing id tags. we all wear ids now. we didn't use to. they hang from thick cotton string or an aluminum chain; they're worn one at a time or three at a time, but they're there.
星期二晚些时候，在从布鲁克林开往曼哈顿北部的地铁上，我又看到一个我注意过，可后来又忘了的现象。那就是大街上，地铁里，我越来越经常地发现人们挂着表明身份的胸卡。如今人人都佩带胸卡。过去我们是不带的。胸卡吊在粗棉线或铝制链上;有的佩带一张，有的同时佩带三张，反正胸卡处处可见。
i ponder the implications. what does it mean that we wear ids? what are we saying, or do we think we're saying? i mean aside from the obvious.
我思索着这一现象意味着什么。大家随身携带身份证件，这意味着什么?我们是在表明什么?或者说我们自以为是在表明什么?我指的是表象之外的意义。
i imagined yesterday the row of people across from me on the train, looking up all of a sudden from their newspaper and answering one after another:
假设昨天地铁车厢里我对面的那排人一下子放下报纸抬起头来，逐个回答道：
"it means i know who i am," says the man in blue shirt and suspenders.
“这意味着我知道自己是谁，”穿蓝衬衫和吊裤带的那个男子说。
"it means i can get into the building," says the woman in gray.
“这意味着我能进办公楼，”那个灰衣女子说。
"it means i am a solid citizen with a job."
“这表明我是个有职业的体面公民。”
"i am known to others in my workplace."
“在工作场所别人知道我是谁。”
"i'm not just blowing through life, i'm integrated into it. i belong to something. i receive a regular paycheck."
“我不是在混日子，我融入了生活。我有所归属。我有固定的工资。”
"i have had a background check done by security and have been found to be a safe person. have you?"
“安检部门对我的背景来历核查过，认定我为人可靠。你呢?”
i wonder if unemployed people on the train look at the tags around the other peoples' necks and think. soon i hope i'll have one too. i wonder if kids just getting their first job at 17 will ever know that in america we didn't all use to be id'd. used to be only for people who worked in nuclear power plants or great halls of government. otherwise you could be pretty obscure. which isn't a bad way to be.
我不知道车上那些失业的人看着别人头颈里吊着的胸卡，会不会有什么想法。我希望不久我也有张胸卡。我不知道那些刚刚开始工作的17岁的小伙子们会不会知晓，以前在美国，我们并不是人人携带身份证的。过去只有在核电站或政府办公大楼里工作的人才用。在别处，没人会知道你是谁。这可不是件坏事。
a month ago there were news reports of a post-sept. 11 baby boom. everyone was so rocked by news of their mortality that they realized there will never be a perfect time to have kids but we're here now so let's have a family. i believed the baby boom story and waited for the babies.
一个月前，有关于9·11事件之后出现生育高峰的新闻报道。大家为那些关于死亡的报道所震惊，意识到决没有什么生养孩子的时机，现在我们既然活着，就该生儿育女。我相信关于生育高峰报道的真实性，期待着这些孩子的出生。
then came the stories saying: nah, there is no baby boom, it's all anecdotal, there's no statistical evidence to back it up. and i believed that too. but i've been noticing something for weeks now. in my neighborhood there is a baby boom. there are babies all over in brooklyn. it is full of newborns, of pink soft-limbed infants in cotton carriers on daddy's chest. it is full of strollers, not only regular strollers but the kind that carry two children -- double-wides. and triple-wides. i don't care what anyone says, there have got to be data that back up what i'm seeing: that after sept. 11, there was at least a brooklyn baby boom.
后来又有报道说，不对，没有什么生育高峰，那完全是道听途说，并没有统计数据加以证实。我也相信这一报道的真实性。但好几个星期以来我一直关注着一个情况。我家附近出现了生育高峰。布鲁克林到处都是婴儿。处处可见新生婴儿，处处可见粉嘟嘟的、小手小脚软软的婴儿，他们蜷伏在父亲胸前的棉兜里。处处可见婴儿小推车，不仅是普通的小推车，还有那种可放两个婴儿的小推车。甚至还有可放三个婴儿的小推车。别人怎么说我不管，应该有数据证实我目睹的情况：9·11事件之后，至少在布鲁克林出现了生育高峰。
a dream boom, too. the other day i spoke with a friend i hadn't seen since the world changed. he was two blocks away when the towers fell, and he saw everything. we have all seen the extraordinary footage of that day, seen it over and over, but few of us have seen what my friend described: how in the office buildings near the world trade center they stood at the windows and suddenly darkness enveloped them as the towers collapsed and the demonic cloud swept through. did you see those forced to jump? i asked.
夜梦也激增。一天我跟事件发生后一直没见过面的一位朋友交谈。世贸大楼倒下时，他就在两个街区之外，目睹了一切。我们都看过当日那令人震惊的电视镜头，看过一遍又一遍，但很少有人看到过我朋友所描述的情景：在世贸中心近旁的办公大楼里，他们站在窗边，突然黑暗将他们笼罩，那两幢楼倒塌了，可怕的浓烟迅速蔓延。你有没有看到那些被迫往下跳的人?我问。
"yes," he said, and looked away.
“看到，”他说着移开了视线。
have you had bad dreams?
你有没有做噩梦?
"yes," he said, and looked away.
“做的，”他说着，仍看着别处。
i thought about this for a few days. my friend is brilliant and by nature a describer of things felt and seen. but not this time. i spoke to a friend who is a therapist. are your patients getting extraordinary dreams? i asked.
我好几天都想着这事。我的这位朋友才华横溢，天生擅长描述自己的感受与见闻。但这次却例外。我跟一位当治疗专家的朋友交谈。你的病人是不是都做些稀奇古怪的梦?我问。
"always," he laughs.
“总是做那样的梦，”他笑了起来。
sept.11-related?
都跟9·11事件有关?
"yes," he says, "mostly among adolescents. "
“是的，”他说，“主要都是青少年。”
i asked if he was saving them, writing them down. he shook his head no.
我问他有没有把这些梦收集好记下来。他摇了摇头。
so: the sept. 11 dream project. we should begin it. i want to, though i'm not sure why. i think maybe down the road i will try to write about them. maybe not. i am certain, however, that dreams can be an expression of a nation's unconscious, if there can be said to be such a thing, and deserve respect. (carl jung thought so.)
是啊：9·11梦录项目。我们应该着手进行了。本人有意去做，虽说我自己也不太清楚到底为什么。我想，以后也许我会试着把那些梦写下来。也许不会。但我相信，梦可以反映国民的潜意识――如果真有所谓潜意识――而且值得把梦当一回事。(卡尔·荣格持肯定态度。)
to respect is to record. send in your sept. 11 related dream -- recurring, unusual, striking, whatever. i will read them, and appreciate them and possibly weave them into a piece on what sept. 11 has done to our dream lives and to our imaginations, when our imaginations are operating on their own, unfettered, unstopped, spanning.
既然值得当回事就要记录下来。请把你做的与9·11事件有关的梦寄给我――一再重复的，不同寻常的，惊人的，等等。我会阅读你们的来函，会理解，可能的话会将它们编成一篇文章，反映9·11事件对我们的梦幻生活和想象力――即当我们的想象力独立地、无拘无束地、毫无牵绊地持续发挥时――产生了什么影响。
大学英语教案篇4
steve shladover outlines the benefits to be gained from vehicles that could drive themselves and discusses how this could be achieved.
斯蒂夫·施多弗阐述了能自动运行的车辆的诸多裨益，并详细论述了如何将其变为现实。
intelligent vehicles
智能车辆
steve shladover
斯蒂夫·施多弗
even when cars were still young, futurists began thinking about vehicles that could drive themselves, without human help. perhaps the best known of these conjectures was the general motors futurama, the hit of the new york world's fair. now, at the start of the new century, it's worth taking a fresh look at this concept and asking how automation might change transportation and the quality of our lives.
还在汽车问世之初，未来学家就开始设想无需人来操纵便能自动运行的车辆将是什么样儿的。这类设想最出名的或许是年纽约世界博览会上轰动一时的由通用汽车公司推出的“未来城市风光”。今天，在世纪之初，以新的目光去审视这样的设想，去探讨自动化将如何改变交通以及我们的生活质量，是颇具价值的。
consider some of the implications of cars that could drive themselves.
且来看一看能自动运行的汽车意味着什么。
we might eliminate the more than ninety percent of traffic crashes that are caused by human errors such as misjudgments and inattention.
我们或许能消除%以上由于判断失误以及疏忽等人为因素造成的交通事故。
we might reduce antisocial driving behavior such as road rage, thereby significantly reducing the stress of driving.
我们或许能减少野蛮开车这类有害公众利益的开车行为，从而大大减轻行车压力。
the entire population, including the young, the old, and the infirm, might enjoy a higher level of mobility without requiring advanced driving skills.
社会全体成员，包括老老少少与体弱者，也许都不需习得娴熟的驾车技巧就能较为自由地奔驰了。
the luxury of being chauffeured to your destination might be enjoyed by all, not just the wealthiest individuals.
被开车接送也许会成为世人共同的享受，而不仅仅是最富裕阶层的一种奢侈。
fuel consumption and pollution might be reduced by smoothing traffic flow and running vehicles close enough to each other to benefit from aerodynamic drafting.
车流通畅，相互紧随行驶的车辆能利用前车产生的较小的空气阻力，这些都可能减少油耗和污染。
traffic-management decisions might be based on firm knowledge of vehicle responses to instructions, rather than on guesses about the choices that drivers might make.
交通管理将会建立在充分了解车辆对指令的应变能力的基础上，而非基于对车辆驾驶者可能采取的行动的粗略估测。
the capacity of a freeway lane might be doubled or tripled, making it possible to accommodate growing demands for travel without major new construction, or, equivalently, today's level of congestion might be reduced, enabling travelers to save time.
高速公路的车容量会增加一倍或二倍，使其不必大兴土木就能适应不断增长的行车需求;或者，同样重要地，目前交通拥堵的程度能得到缓解，以使行车者节省时间。
is it feasible?
是否可行?
this is now a realistic prospect. with advances in technology we can readily visualize your trip on an automated highway system.
目前这已成为一个可以实现的希望。随着技术的进步，我们不难设想自动化公路系统上的行车过程。
imagine leaving work at the end of the day and needing to drive only as far as the nearest on-ramp to the local automated highway. at the on-ramp, you press a button on your dashboard to select the off-ramp closest to your home and then relax as your car's electronic systems, in cooperation with roadside electronics and similar systems on other cars, guide your car smoothly, safely, and effortlessly toward your destination. en route you save time by maintaining full speed even at rush-hour traffic volumes. at the end of the off-ramp you resume normal control and drive the remaining distance to your home, better rested and less stressed than if you had driven the entire way.
且来设想，工作一天下班后，只需开车至最近的一个自动公路入口匝道。到了入口匝道，在仪表板上按一下按钮选择离家最近的出口匝道，随后就休息放松，由车上的电子系统与路旁的电子装置以及其他车辆上类似的系统合作，把车平稳、安全、顺畅地开往目的地。即使是在车流量的高峰时段，也能一路全速行驶，从而节省时间。下了出口匝道，再照平常那样驾驶，开过余下的路程回家，那要比自己全程驾驶省力轻松许多。
although many different technical developments are necessary to turn this image into reality, none requires exotic technologies, and all can be based on systems and components that are already being actively developed in the international motor vehicle industry. these could be viewed as replacements for the diverse functions that drivers perform every day: observing the road, observing the preceding vehicles, steering, accelerating, braking, and deciding when and where to change course.
要把这一景象变成现实固然需要各种不同的技术发展，但也无需什么匪夷所思的技术，所有的技术都能以国际车辆制造业正在积极开发研制的各种系统和部件作为基础。这些技术可以被看作是车辆驾驶者日常开车所起各种作用的替代：观察路况，留意前行车辆，掌握方向，加速，刹车，变道。
observing the road
观察路况
researchers have developed a road-reference and sensing system that makes it possible to determine accurately a vehicle's position and orientation relative to the lane's center. cheap permanent magnets are buried at four-foot intervals along the lane centerline and detected by magnetometers mounted under the vehicle's bumpers. . these meters provide the information used by the vehicle's control computer to determine its exact position of the vehicle.
研究人员开发了一种路况参考及传感系统，这些能准确判断车辆的方位及所在车道中心的相应定位。价格低廉的永磁体以英尺的间隔埋设在车道中心线上，车辆保险杆下安装着的磁强计能够测知。这些磁强计向车上的计算机控制台提供信息，以断定车辆的确切方位。
other researchers have used computer vision systems to observe the road. () these are vulnerable to weather problems and provide less accurate measurements, but they do not require special roadway installations, other than well-maintained lane markings.
其他研究人员利用计算机图像系统观察路况。这类系统易受气候变化的影响，提供的数据不够精确，但它们不需要特别的道路设置，只需要将路面标志维护好就行了。
observing preceding vehicles
留意前行车辆
the distances and closing rates to preceding vehicles can be measured by a radar or a laser rangefinder. both technologies have already been implemented in commercially available systems in japan and europe. the laser systems are currently less expensive, but the radar systems are more effective at detecting dirty vehicles and operating in adverse weather conditions. as production volumes increase and unit costs decrease, the radars are likely to find increasing favor.
与前行车辆的车距及接近时的速度可用雷达或激光测距仪测定。这两项技术已经在日本和欧洲投入商业运用。目前激光系统比较便宜，但雷达系统能更加有效地测知野蛮行驶的车辆，能更加安全地在天气恶劣时操作。随着产量的提高，成本的降低，雷达系统将会越来越受欢迎。
steering, accelerating and braking
掌握方向、加速和刹车
the equivalents of these driver muscle functions are electromechanical devices installed in the automated vehicle. they receive electronic commands from the onboard control computer and then apply the appropriate steering angle, throttle angle, and brake pressure by means of small electric motors. early versions of these devices are already being introduced into production of vehicles, where they receive their commands directly from the driver's inputs to the steering wheel and pedals. these decisions are being made for reasons largely unrelated to automation. rather they are associated with reduced energy consumption, simplification of vehicle design, enhanced ease of vehicle assembly, improved ability to adjust performance to match driver preferences, and cost savings compared to traditional direct mechanical control devices.
相当于车辆驾驶者肌功能的是安置在自动车辆上的电动机械装置。它们接收车上计算机控制台发出的电子指令，再凭借小型电力发动机恰当地控制方向、油门大小以及刹车紧急程度。车辆生产已经采用这类装置的最初样本，它们通过驾驶者给方向盘和踏板的输入信息直接获得指令。决定开发这类产品大都与自动化无关。与之有关的因素有降低能耗、简化车辆设计、进一步提高车辆装配效率、改善根据车辆驾驶者的喜好调节性能的能力，以及低于传统的机械直控装置的成本等。
deciding when and where to change course
决定何时何处变道
computers in the vehicles and those at the roadside have different functions. roadside computers are better suited for traffic management, setting the target speed for each segment and lane of roadway, and allocating vehicles to different lanes of a multilane automated facility. the aim is to maintain balanced flow among the lanes and to avoid obstacles or incidents that might block a lane. the vehicle's onboard computers are better suited to handling decisions about exactly when and where to change lanes to avoid interference with other vehicles.
车用计算机与路边装置的计算机功能不同。路边设置的计算机更适用于交通管理，如为不同路段和车道设定限速，通过多车道自动化设施为车辆安排不同的车道。其目的是使各车道的车流量保持平衡，避免可能堵塞车道的障碍或事故。车用计算机更适用于精确地判断在什么时间和位置改变车道，以避免与其他车辆碰撞。
remaining challenges
尚存的挑战
there remain a number of difficulties to be overcome. these are mainly technical, but there are in addition a number of nontechnical challenges that need to be addressed. these involve issues of liability, costs, and perceptions.
尚有许多困难有待克服。主要是技术性难题，但此外也有不少非技术性的挑战需要面对，其中包括行车责任、成本以及观念等问题。
automated control of vehicles shifts liability for most crashes from the individual driver (and his or her insurance company) to the designer, developer, and vendor of the vehicle and roadway control systems. provided the system is indeed safer than today's driver-vehicle-highway system, overall liability exposure should be reduced. but its costs will be shifted from automobile insurance premiums to the purchase or lease price of the automated vehicle and toll for use of the automated highway facility.
车辆的自动控制把大多数事故的责任从车辆驾驶者个人(及其保险公司)转移到设计者、研制者以及车辆和道路控制系统的经销商身上。如果这一系统的确比当今的车辆驾驶者—车辆—公路系统安全，总体责任风险就会减少。但其成本会从汽车保险金转移到自动车辆的售价或租金，以及自动公路设施的使用费上来。
all new technologies tend to be costly when they first become available in small quantities, then their costs decline as production volumes increase and the technologies mature. we should expect vehicle automation technologies to follow the same pattern. they may initially be economically viable only for heavy vehicles (transit buses, commercial trucks) and high-end passenger cars. however, it should not take long for the costs to become affordable to a wide range of vehicle owners and operators, especially with many of the enabling technologies already being commercialized for volume production today.
任何新技术在最初小批量供应时都相对昂贵，以后随着产量的增长与技术的完善，成本就会降低。我们相信车辆自动控制技术也将遵循这一模式。从经济角度考虑，这类技术在最初阶段或许只能应用于重型车辆(如公交车、货运卡车)和高级客车。然而，不用多久，其成本就能为广大车辆拥有者和驾驶者所接受，尤其是目前不少可以应用的技术已经走向市场，开始了批量生产。
the largest impediment to introduction of electronic chauffeuring may turn out to be the general perception that it's more difficult and expensive to implement than it really is. if political and industrial decision makers perceive automated driving to be too futuristic, they will not pay it the attention it deserves and will not invest their resources toward accelerating its deployment. the perception could thus become a self-fulfilling prophecy.
电子驾驶应用的障碍可能在于一种普遍的观念，认为这一技术的应用比实际情况更困难，更昂贵。如果政治决策者和企业决策者认为自动驾驶过于超前，他们就不会予以应有的关注，就不会投入资源，促使其早日为人们利用。这样的话，这一观念就可能成为一种终将实现的预言。
it is important to recognize that automated vehicles are already carrying millions of passengers every day. most major airports have automated people movers that transfer passengers among terminal buildings. urban transit lines in paris, london, vancouver, lyon, and lille, among others, are operating with completely automated, driverless vehicles; some have been doing so for more than a decade. modern commercial aircraft operate on autopilot for much of the time, and they also land under automatic control at suitably equipped airports on a regular basis.
重要的是，要看到，每天已有千百万人乘坐自动化车辆。大多数颇具规模的机场都有自动控制的客车把乘客从一个航站楼转到另一个航站楼。不少城市公交线路，如巴黎、伦敦、温哥华、里昂和里尔等，都是由全自动控制的无人驾驶车辆运行的，有些已运行了十多年。现代商用飞机大多时间是由自动驾驶仪操纵的，在装备完善的机场，这些飞机一向在自动控制指挥下着陆。
given all of this experience in implementing safe automated transportation systems, it is not such a large leap to develop road vehicles that can operate under automatic control. that should be a realistic goal for the next decade. the transportation system will thus gain substantial benefits from the revolution in information technology.
考虑到所有这些安全运用自动化交通运输系统的经验，开发由自动控制操纵的公路车辆算不上什么大的飞跃。这应该是未来十年中的一个现实目标，交通运输系统也就会大大得益于信息技术革命。
大学英语教案篇5
unit one：is there life on earth?
it is humorous essay. but after reading it you will surely find that the author is most serious in writing it.
ts there life on earth?
there was great excitement on the planet of venus this week. for the first time venusian scientists managed to land a satellite on the plant earth, and is has been sending back signals as well as photographs ever since.
the satellite was directed into an area know as manhattan (named after the great venusian astronomer prof. manhattan, who first discovered it with his telescope 20,000 light years ago).
because of excellent weather conditions and extremely strong signals, venusian scientists were able to get valuable information as to the feasibility of a manned flying saucer landing on earth. a press conference was held at the venus institute of technology.
"we have come to the conclusion, based on last week's satellite landing," prof. zog said, "that there is no life on earth."
"how do you know this?" the science reporter of the venus evening star asked.
"for one thing, earth's surface in the area of manhattan is composed of solid concrete and nothing can grow there. for another, the atmosphere is filled with carbon monoxide and other deadly gases and nobody could possibly breather this air and survive."
"what does this mean as far as our flying sauce program is concerned?"
"we shall have to take our own oxygen with us, which means a much heavier flying saucer than we originally planned."
"are there any other hazards that you discovered in your studier?"
"take a look at this photo. you see this dark black cloud hovering over the surface of earth? we call this the consolidated edison belt. we don't know what it is made of, but it could give us a lot of trouble and we shall have to make further tests before we send a venus being there."
"over here you will notice what seems to be a river, but the satellite findings indicate it is polluted and the water is unfit to drink. this means we shall have to carry our own water, which will add even greater weight to the saucer."
"sir, what are all those tiny black spots on the photographs?"
"we're not certain. they seem to be metal particles that move along certain paths. they emit gases, make noise and keep crashing into each other. there are so many of these paths and so many metal particles that it is impossible to land a flying saucer without its being smashed by one."
"what are those stalagmite projections sticking up?"
"they're some type of granite formations that give off light at night. prof. glom has named them skyscrapers since they seem to be scraping the skies."
"if all you say is true, won't this set back the flying saucer program several years?"
"yes, but we shall proceed as soon as the grubstart gives us the added funds."
"prof. zog, why are we spending billions and billions of zilches to land a flying saucer on earth when there is no life there?
"because if we venusians can learn to breathe in an earth atmosphere, then we can live anywhere."
new words
humorous
a. funny; that makers people laugh 幽默的
humor
n.
essay
n. 散文，随笔
excitement
n. the state or quality of being excited
planet
n. large body in space that moves round a star esp. round the sun 行星
venusian
a. of or having to do with the plant venus 金星的
n. supposed venus being 金星人
satellite
n. spacecraft that goes round the planet earth and sends back radio and television signals; heavenly body that goes round a plant (人造)卫星
signal
n. 信号;暗号
astronomer
n. person who studies the science of the sun, moon, stars and planets
天文学家
telescope
n. instrument with special glasses used for seeing distant things
extremely
ad. very 极端，非常
extreme
a.
feasibility
ad. possibility of being carried or done 可行性
feasible
a.
manned
a. occupied by one or more persons 载人的
saucer
n. 浅碟;茶托
flying saucer
n. 飞碟
conference
n. meeting
press conference
n. meeting arranged by an important person to which news reporters are invited to listen to a statement or ask questions 记者招待会
technology
n. 技术
conclusion
n. decision of opinion reached by reasoning 结论
conclude
v.
reporter
v. person who gathers news for a newspaper, magazine, or radio or tv station 记者
compose
vt. make up, form 组成，构成
concrete
n. building material made by mixing cement with sand, small stones and water 混凝土
atmosphere
n. all the gasses round the earth; air in a place 大气;空气
carbon
n. 碳
monoxide
n. 一氧化物
deadly
a. causing death; likely to cause death 致命的
gas
n. 气体
survive
vi. remain alive; continue to live or exist 活下来;幸存
vt. remain alive after; live longer than 经历...后还活着;比...活得长
survival
n.
program
n. plan of what it to be done 计划
concern
vt. be of importance or interest to; have an effect on 涉及，关系到
oxygen
n. 氧，氧气
originally
ad. formerly 起初，原来
original
a.
hazard
n. danger
hover
vi. stay in or near one place in the air 盘旋
consolidated
a. untied; combined 联合的
consolidate
vt.
belt
n. area that has some special quality; zone (地)带
indicate
vt. show
indication
n.
pollute
vt. make (air, water, soil, etc.) dirty with manmade waste 污染
pollution
n.
unfit
a. not good enough; not suitable
particle
n. 粒子;微粒
emit
vt. send out 散发，射出
emission
n.
crash
v. (cause to) break into pieces violently 坠落;猛撞
smash
v. (cause to) break into pieces violently (使)碎裂
stalagmite
n. 石笋
projection
n. sth. that stands out from a surface 凸出物
type
n. a particular kind, class or group 类型，种类
granite
n. hard grey stone used for building 花岗岩
formation
n. sth. that is formed; way in which sth. is formed 形成(物)
skyscraper
n. very tall building 摩天大楼
scrape
vt. rub with sth. rough or sharp 刮，擦
proceed
vi. continue after having stopped (停顿后)继续进行
fund
n. sum of money set apart or available for a special purpose 资金;基金
billion
n. one thousand million
zilch
n. zero; nothing at all
